1. Command line and environment¶

The CPython interpreter scans the command line and the environment for various settings.

CPython implementation detail: Other implementations’ command line schemes may differ. See Alternate Implementations for further resources.

1.1. Command line¶

When invoking Python, you may specify any of these options:

python [-bBdEhiIOqsSuvVWx?] [-c command | -m module-name | script | - ] [args]

The most common use case is, of course, a simple invocation of a script:

python myscript.py

1.1.1. Interface options¶

The interpreter interface resembles that of the UNIX shell, but provides some additional methods of invocation:

When called with standard input connected to a tty device, it prompts for commands and executes them until an EOF (an end-of-file character, you can produce that with Ctrl-D on UNIX or Ctrl-Z, Enter on Windows) is read.
When called with a file name argument or with a file as standard input, it reads and executes a script from that file.
When called with a directory name argument, it reads and executes an appropriately named script from that directory.
When called with -c command, it executes the Python statement(s) given as command. Here command may contain multiple statements separated by newlines. Leading whitespace is significant in Python statements!
When called with -m module-name, the given module is located on the Python module path and executed as a script.

In non-interactive mode, the entire input is parsed before it is executed.

An interface option terminates the list of options consumed by the interpreter, all consecutive arguments will end up in sys.argv – note that the first element, subscript zero (sys.argv[0]), is a string reflecting the program’s source.

-c <command>¶

Execute the Python code in command. command can be one or more statements separated by newlines, with significant leading whitespace as in normal module code.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be "-c" and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path (allowing modules in that directory to be imported as top level modules).

-m <module-name>¶

Search sys.path for the named module and execute its contents as the __main__ module.

Since the argument is a module name, you must not give a file extension (.py). The module name should be a valid absolute Python module name, but the implementation may not always enforce this (e.g. it may allow you to use a name that includes a hyphen).

Package names (including namespace packages) are also permitted. When a package name is supplied instead of a normal module, the interpreter will execute <pkg>.__main__ as the main module. This behaviour is deliberately similar to the handling of directories and zipfiles that are passed to the interpreter as the script argument.

Note

This option cannot be used with built-in modules and extension modules written in C, since they do not have Python module files. However, it can still be used for precompiled modules, even if the original source file is not available.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be the full path to the module file (while the module file is being located, the first element will be set to "-m"). As with the -c option, the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path.

Many standard library modules contain code that is invoked on their execution as a script. An example is the timeit module:

python -mtimeit -s 'setup here' 'benchmarked code here'
python -mtimeit -h # for details

See also

runpy.run_module(): Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

PEP 338 – Executing modules as scripts

Changed in version 3.1: Supply the package name to run a __main__ submodule.

Changed in version 3.4: namespace packages are also supported

-

Read commands from standard input (sys.stdin). If standard input is a terminal, -i is implied.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be "-" and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path.

<script>

Execute the Python code contained in script, which must be a filesystem path (absolute or relative) referring to either a Python file, a directory containing a __main__.py file, or a zipfile containing a __main__.py file.

If this option is given, the first element of sys.argv will be the script name as given on the command line.

If the script name refers directly to a Python file, the directory containing that file is added to the start of sys.path, and the file is executed as the __main__ module.

If the script name refers to a directory or zipfile, the script name is added to the start of sys.path and the __main__.py file in that location is executed as the __main__ module.

See also

runpy.run_path(): Equivalent functionality directly available to Python code

If no interface option is given, -i is implied, sys.argv[0] is an empty string ("") and the current directory will be added to the start of sys.path. Also, tab-completion and history editing is automatically enabled, if available on your platform (see Readline configuration).

See also

Invoking the Interpreter

Changed in version 3.4: Automatic enabling of tab-completion and history editing.

1.1.2. Generic options¶

-?¶
-h¶
--help¶: Print a short description of all command line options.

-V¶

--version¶

Print the Python version number and exit. Example output could be:

Python 3.0

1.1.3. Miscellaneous options¶

-b¶: Issue a warning when comparing bytes or bytearray with str or bytes with int. Issue an error when the option is given twice (-bb).

Changed in version 3.5: Affects comparisons of bytes with int.

-B¶: If given, Python won’t try to write .pyc files on the import of source modules. See also PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE.

-d¶: Turn on parser debugging output (for wizards only, depending on compilation options). See also PYTHONDEBUG.

-E¶: Ignore all PYTHON* environment variables, e.g. PYTHONPATH and PYTHONHOME, that might be set.

-i¶

When a script is passed as first argument or the -c option is used, enter interactive mode after executing the script or the command, even when sys.stdin does not appear to be a terminal. The PYTHONSTARTUP file is not read.

This can be useful to inspect global variables or a stack trace when a script raises an exception. See also PYTHONINSPECT.

-I¶: Run Python in isolated mode. This also implies -E and -s. In isolated mode sys.path contains neither the script’s directory nor the user’s site-packages directory. All PYTHON* environment variables are ignored, too. Further restrictions may be imposed to prevent the user from injecting malicious code.

New in version 3.4.

-O¶: Turn on basic optimizations. This changes the filename extension for compiled (bytecode) files from .pyc to .pyo. See also PYTHONOPTIMIZE.

-OO¶: Discard docstrings in addition to the -O optimizations.

-q¶: Don’t display the copyright and version messages even in interactive mode.

New in version 3.2.

-R¶

Kept for compatibility. On Python 3.3 and greater, hash randomization is turned on by default.

On previous versions of Python, this option turns on hash randomization, so that the __hash__() values of str, bytes and datetime are “salted” with an unpredictable random value. Although they remain constant within an individual Python process, they are not predictable between repeated invocations of Python.

Hash randomization is intended to provide protection against a denial-of-service caused by carefully-chosen inputs that exploit the worst case performance of a dict construction, O(n^2) complexity. See http://www.ocert.org/advisories/ocert-2011-003.html for details.

PYTHONHASHSEED allows you to set a fixed value for the hash seed secret.

New in version 3.2.3.

-s¶: Don’t add the user site-packages directory to sys.path.

See also

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

-S¶: Disable the import of the module site and the site-dependent manipulations of sys.path that it entails. Also disable these manipulations if site is explicitly imported later (call site.main() if you want them to be triggered).

-u¶

Force the binary layer of the stdout and stderr streams (which is available as their buffer attribute) to be unbuffered. The text I/O layer will still be line-buffered if writing to the console, or block-buffered if redirected to a non-interactive file.

See also

warnings – the warnings module

PEP 230 – Warning framework

PYTHONWARNINGS

-x¶: Skip the first line of the source, allowing use of non-Unix forms of #!cmd. This is intended for a DOS specific hack only.

Note

The line numbers in error messages will be off by one.

-X¶

Reserved for various implementation-specific options. CPython currently defines the following possible values:

-X faulthandler to enable faulthandler;
-X showrefcount to enable the output of the total reference count and memory blocks (only works on debug builds);
-X tracemalloc to start tracing Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module. By default, only the most recent frame is stored in a traceback of a trace. Use -X tracemalloc=NFRAME to start tracing with a traceback limit of NFRAME frames. See the tracemalloc.start() for more information.

It also allows passing arbitrary values and retrieving them through the sys._xoptions dictionary.

Changed in version 3.2: It is now allowed to pass -X with CPython.

New in version 3.3: The -X faulthandler option.

New in version 3.4: The -X showrefcount and -X tracemalloc options.

1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use¶

-J¶: Reserved for use by Jython.

1.2. Environment variables¶

These environment variables influence Python’s behavior, they are processed before the command-line switches other than -E or -I. It is customary that command-line switches override environmental variables where there is a conflict.

PYTHONHOME¶

Change the location of the standard Python libraries. By default, the libraries are searched in prefix/lib/pythonversion and exec_prefix/lib/pythonversion, where prefix and exec_prefix are installation-dependent directories, both defaulting to /usr/local.

When PYTHONHOME is set to a single directory, its value replaces both prefix and exec_prefix. To specify different values for these, set PYTHONHOME to prefix:exec_prefix.

PYTHONPATH¶

Augment the default search path for module files. The format is the same as the shell’s PATH: one or more directory pathnames separated by os.pathsep (e.g. colons on Unix or semicolons on Windows). Non-existent directories are silently ignored.

In addition to normal directories, individual PYTHONPATH entries may refer to zipfiles containing pure Python modules (in either source or compiled form). Extension modules cannot be imported from zipfiles.

The default search path is installation dependent, but generally begins with prefix/lib/pythonversion (see PYTHONHOME above). It is always appended to PYTHONPATH.

An additional directory will be inserted in the search path in front of PYTHONPATH as described above under Interface options. The search path can be manipulated from within a Python program as the variable sys.path.

PYTHONSTARTUP¶: If this is the name of a readable file, the Python commands in that file are executed before the first prompt is displayed in interactive mode. The file is executed in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed so that objects defined or imported in it can be used without qualification in the interactive session. You can also change the prompts sys.ps1 and sys.ps2 and the hook sys.__interactivehook__ in this file.

PYTHONOPTIMIZE¶: If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -O option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -O multiple times.

PYTHONDEBUG¶: If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -d option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -d multiple times.

PYTHONINSPECT¶

If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -i option.

This variable can also be modified by Python code using os.environ to force inspect mode on program termination.

PYTHONUNBUFFERED¶: If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -u option.

PYTHONVERBOSE¶: If this is set to a non-empty string it is equivalent to specifying the -v option. If set to an integer, it is equivalent to specifying -v multiple times.

PYTHONCASEOK¶: If this is set, Python ignores case in import statements. This only works on Windows and OS X.

PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE¶: If this is set to a non-empty string, Python won’t try to write .pyc or .pyo files on the import of source modules. This is equivalent to specifying the -B option.

PYTHONHASHSEED¶

If this variable is not set or set to random, a random value is used to seed the hashes of str, bytes and datetime objects.

If PYTHONHASHSEED is set to an integer value, it is used as a fixed seed for generating the hash() of the types covered by the hash randomization.

Its purpose is to allow repeatable hashing, such as for selftests for the interpreter itself, or to allow a cluster of python processes to share hash values.

The integer must be a decimal number in the range [0,4294967295]. Specifying the value 0 will disable hash randomization.

New in version 3.2.3.

PYTHONIOENCODING¶

If this is set before running the interpreter, it overrides the encoding used for stdin/stdout/stderr, in the syntax encodingname:errorhandler. Both the encodingname and the :errorhandler parts are optional and have the same meaning as in str.encode().

For stderr, the :errorhandler part is ignored; the handler will always be 'backslashreplace'.

Changed in version 3.4: The encodingname part is now optional.

PYTHONNOUSERSITE¶: If this is set, Python won’t add the user site-packages directory to sys.path.

See also

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

PYTHONUSERBASE¶: Defines the user base directory, which is used to compute the path of the user site-packages directory and Distutils installation paths for python setup.py install --user.

See also

PEP 370 – Per user site-packages directory

PYTHONEXECUTABLE¶: If this environment variable is set, sys.argv[0] will be set to its value instead of the value got through the C runtime. Only works on Mac OS X.

PYTHONWARNINGS¶: This is equivalent to the -W option. If set to a comma separated string, it is equivalent to specifying -W multiple times.

PYTHONFAULTHANDLER¶: If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, faulthandler.enable() is called at startup: install a handler for SIGSEGV, SIGFPE, SIGABRT, SIGBUS and SIGILL signals to dump the Python traceback. This is equivalent to -X faulthandler option.

New in version 3.3.

PYTHONTRACEMALLOC¶: If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, start tracing Python memory allocations using the tracemalloc module. The value of the variable is the maximum number of frames stored in a traceback of a trace. For example, PYTHONTRACEMALLOC=1 stores only the most recent frame. See the tracemalloc.start() for more information.

New in version 3.4.

PYTHONASYNCIODEBUG¶: If this environment variable is set to a non-empty string, enable the debug mode of the asyncio module.

New in version 3.4.

1.2.1. Debug-mode variables¶

Setting these variables only has an effect in a debug build of Python, that is, if Python was configured with the --with-pydebug build option.

PYTHONTHREADDEBUG¶: If set, Python will print threading debug info.

PYTHONDUMPREFS¶: If set, Python will dump objects and reference counts still alive after shutting down the interpreter.

PYTHONMALLOCSTATS¶: If set, Python will print memory allocation statistics every time a new object arena is created, and on shutdown.

1. Command line and environment¶

1.1. Command line¶

1.1.1. Interface options¶

1.1.2. Generic options¶

1.1.3. Miscellaneous options¶

1.1.4. Options you shouldn’t use¶

1.2. Environment variables¶

1.2.1. Debug-mode variables¶

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